To investigate the effect of vermicompost, N fertilizer and their integration on growth, biological and essential yields oil and its components in two populations (Varamin and Isfahan), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the field of Isfahan Medicinal Plants Research Center in 2016. Fertilizer treatments including 100% urea, vermicompost 33.3 and urea 66.6%, vermicompost 66.6 and urea 33.3%, 100% vermicompost and control treatment (without fertilizer) as the first factor and Varamin and Isfahan populations as the second factor were selected. The results showed that the interaction effects of nitrogen fertilizer and populations on all studied traits were significant. In both populations, nitrogen fertilizer improved height, biological and essential oil yields, content of essential oil compounds (d-Carvone and its yield, α-phellandrene and linalool; except p-Cymene and Limonene in Isfahan population). Since in medicinal plants, the quantity (biological yield) and quality (essential oil and d-Carvone; the most important ingredient and the highest amount of essential oil in this experiment), 66.6% vermicompost + 33.3% urea in Varamin population, was the best treatment in the experiment. In addition an in the direction of human health and sustainable agriculture, it is possible to reduce 33% of chemical fertilizers application and pollution; however, in terms of other essential oil contents (α-phellandrene, Linalool and p-Cymene), 100% vermicompost fertilizer treatment was superior in Isfahan population.

I have previously argued that human flourishing partly consists in the ability to exercise essential human capacities, many of which are non-distinctive and shared with other animals. The concept of flourishing is itself species-specific. Thus, the development of essential capacities (human and nonhuman) comprises a large part of the goods that we ought to promote. Problems about the definition of ‘essential’ are discussed, as are related issues about whether there are necessary and sufficient conditions for the correct use of sortal universal terms. The relation of the exercise of essential capacities to basic needs is investigated, and the essential nature of the human capacity for meaningful work, which has been disputed by John White, is defended. Finally, some suggestions are offered about what the proponents of the capabilities approach might derive from that of essential capacities.

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of adding a mixture of peppermint, thyme and rosemary essential oils (EOs) in a ratio of (3:1:2), respectively, to the diet, on growth performance, rumen and blood parameters of fattening lambs. Twenty-one Mehraban lambs with an average weight of 29.80 kg were randomly allocated to one of three diets: 1) control, 2) base diet+1.25ml of EOs and 3) base diet+2.5ml of EOs. Daily weight gain was greater in the groups receiving the EOs than in the control, although this increase was mainly due to the interactions of treatment over time. Feed consumption and feed conversion ratio compared to the control did not altered. The total concentrations of VFAs and acetate in the groups receiving EOs decreased (P<0.05), while the concentration of propionate increased (P<0.05) at the level of 2.5ml of EOs and isovalerate increased (P<0.05) in both levels of EOs compared to the control. Total population of protozoa, rumen pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration were not affected by treatments. Glucose concentration increased at high level of EOs (P<0.05). Concentrations of urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, total protein and albumin did not altered. The number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, number and percentage of white cells including lymphocytes and eosinophils were not affected by treatments but the percentage of monocytes decreased (P<0.05) at low level of the EOs. The results of this experiment showed that the addition of mixture of EOs to the diet did not have a significant effect on performance parameters and immune system of lambs, although it reduced the total concentration of VFA and acetate and increased the concentration of propionate.

The genus of Syringa presents 25-30 species in Asia and south-east of Europe are cultivated for their showy flowers in spring and early summer. The common Lilac (Syringa vulgaris) from south-east of Europe is a very popular species with more than 500 cultivar, many of them have sweel smell. The fragrant flowerers of S. vulgaris were collected from National Botanical Garden of Iran in the spring, then extracted with hexan. After removing the plant waxes, absolute injected to GC and GC/MS. Nineteen compounds were identified constituting 86%(w/w) of the total absolute, the major components are: b -asarone (27%), b-asarone (27%), Phytol (9.5%), a-farnesene (6.8%), carvone (4.4%), P-dimethoxy benzen (3.1%), neryl acetate (2.9%).

Introduction: Medicinal plants are among the most important products in agriculture and medicine. The usefulness and cheapness, environmental friendliness, and limited side effects of medicinal plants have increased the rate of use of these plants in recent years. Plant extracts, such as cloves, have long been used in medicine, perfumery, and as additives in cooking. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer effects of clove essential oil and nanoemulsion. Materials & Methods: Antioxidant activity of essential oil and clove nanoemulsion by measuring the inhibitory activity of DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS radicals (2 and 2-azino-bis-3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) was measured in this study. The evaluation of antibacterial and bactericidal properties of essential oil and clove nanoemulsion was conducted by culture medium and suspension of four pathogenic bacteria of gram-positive, including Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, and gramnegative bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, followed by the measurement of the diameter of the growth inhibition zone. In addition, the effects of cytotoxicity of clove essential oil and nanoemulsion on different concentrations of 15. 6, 31. 2, 62. 5, 125, and 250 μ g/ml on MCF7 cancer cells were evaluated by MTT staining. Findings: Clove nanoemulsion, compared to essential oil, had good antioxidant potential and a significant effect on free radical scavenging. The rates of free radical scavenging (IC50) of clove essential oil nanoemulsion were obtained at 67. 29 and 78. 39 μ g/ml measured by DPPH and ABTS methods, respectively. Clove essential oil and nanoemulsion had an inhibitory effect on both groups of gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria tested in this study. The toxicity test also showed a greater effect of clove nanoemulsion in killing breast cancer cells, compared to the clove essential oil. Discussions & Conclusions: The results of this in vitro study indicate the antioxidant and anti-cancer effects of clove nanoemulsion, compared to essential oil, which can be used to prevent and treat many diseases associated with the development of reactive oxygen species.

Diplotaenia damavandica is an endemic plant and it is considered as an important pasture’s plant. The volatile Constituents of aerial parts of Diplotaenia damavandica (umbelliferae) Collected from Iran (Lavasanat-Tehran), was investigated by GC/MS. Nineteen Components identified in this oil. The main Components were aphellandrene (24.0%), Cis-b-Ocimene (23.1%) terpinolene (19.6%) and b -phellandrene (11.3%) amounted to 78% of the, total oil.